AIORG-W012 Peer-reviewed research

The Impact of Generative AI on Critical Thinking: Self-Reported Reductions in Cognitive Effort and Confidence Effects From a Survey of Knowledge Workers

CHI 2025 critical-thinking study

peer reviewed conference paper

Recorded claims
2
coded from the inspected source
Evidence classes
1
survey-or-synthesis
Recorded limitations
4
stated, never hidden

From the wave-0 evidence ledger

Recorded claims

Each claim states what the inspected source says, at the recorded location—bounded by its scope and graded by its confidence. Nothing here is a synthesis across works.

The survey collected 936 examples from 319 knowledge workers and found that higher confidence in generative AI was associated with less reported critical-thinking effort, whereas higher self-confidence was associated with more critical thinking.

confidence: medium survey-or-synthesis

Scope: Knowledge workers' recalled use examples; association, not causal deskilling.

Respondents described work shifting toward goal-setting, response verification, and integrating outputs, indicating that AI use can relocate cognitive effort into oversight rather than simply remove it.

confidence: medium survey-or-synthesis

Scope: Reported practices, not measured organizational performance or causal skill change.

Boundaries

Limitations & independence

Recorded at coding time, carried with the work forever. A claim without its limits is not evidence.

Recorded limitations

  • 319 self-selected knowledge workers and 936 recalled examples
  • Cross-sectional self-report
  • No direct cognitive-skill test or long-run deskilling measure
  • Confidence and task selection may confound reported effort

Source independence

Microsoft Research-affiliated survey study of knowledge workers; product/vendor affiliation and self-report limit independence.